Section 26 CPC – Institution of Suits

🔹Section 26 CPC – Institution of Suits

🔹Short Note (Hindi):

Section 26 batata hai ki civil case (suit) officially kaise start hota hai.
Yaani, jab koi vyakti apna civil right enforce karna chahta hai — jaise property, contract, ya paisa wapas lena — to wo suit ek proper “plaint” ke through court me file karta hai.

🔹Full Description (English + Hindi):

🔹 What Section 26 CPC Says:

“Every suit shall be instituted by the presentation of a plaint or in such other manner as may be prescribed.”

Simple words me:
Civil case tab shuru hota hai jab plaintiff (jo case file karta hai) ek written complaint (plaint) court me file karta hai.
Yeh plaint ek formal legal document hoti hai jisme poora case likha hota hai — facts, grounds, and relief (kya chahiye court se).

🔹 Purpose of Section 26:

1. To define the starting point of a civil case.
2. To ensure that every dispute follows a proper legal process.
3. To maintain uniformity — har case ek formal plaint se start ho.

🔹 What is a “Plaint”?

Plaint ek written legal document hai jisme plaintiff apni complaint aur relief likhta hai.
Isme hota hai:

• Parties ka naam aur address (Plaintiff & Defendant)
• Facts of the case (kya hua, kaise hua)
• Cause of action (kis wajah se case file hua)
• Court jurisdiction (kyun is court me file hua)
• Relief (court se kya chahiye — compensation, injunction, etc.)

🔹 Procedure of Filing a Suit (Step-by-Step):

1. Draft the Plaint – facts, evidence aur relief mention karo.
2. Affidavit & Verification – plaintiff apni signature se verify karta hai ki sab sahi hai.
3. Court Fees & Valuation – required fees lagao (as per Court Fees Act).
4. Filing in Court – plaint submit karo civil court ke filing section me.
5. Registration & Numbering – court us suit ko official number deti hai.
6. Issuance of Summons – defendant ko notice bheja jata hai ki court me appear ho.

🔹 Amendment (Order VI Rule 15A):

CPC amendment ke baad har plaint ke sath “affidavit in support” dena mandatory hai — taaki false cases file na ho.

🔹 Example:

Ravi ne Shyam se ₹2 lakh udhaar liye aur wapas nahi kiye. Ravi ke pass written proof hai.
Ab Ravi Section 26 ke under civil suit file karega ek plaint ke zariye — jisme wo likhega ki Shyam ne paisa nahi diya aur court se recovery ki demand karega.

🔹 Important Case Law:

(1) Church of North India vs Lavajibhai Ratanjibhai (2005)
Supreme Court ne kaha – A suit is said to be instituted only when the plaint is presented before the competent court.

(2) Salem Advocate Bar Association vs Union of India (2005)
Court ne clarify kiya – Affidavit is compulsory with plaint to prevent misuse of process of law.

🔹Summary Table:

🔹Nyay Neeti Advice:

• Hamesha suit file karte waqt complete facts aur proof attach karo.
• Fake ya incomplete plaint court me reject ho sakta hai.
• Civil case ka foundation hi plaint hota hai — usme clarity aur accuracy bahut zaroori hai.