🔹Section 11 CPC – Res Judicata
🔹Short Note (Hindi):
Section 11 ka matlab hota hai — ek baar jis matter par court faisla de chuki hai, usi matter par dobara case file nahi kiya ja sakta.
Simple words me — “Same issue, same parties, same judgment — dobara court me nahi chalega.”
🔹Full Description (English + Hindi):
🔹 What Section 11 CPC Says:
“No Court shall try any suit or issue in which the matter directly and substantially in issue has been directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between the same parties, and has been heard and finally decided by such Court.”
Simple terms me:
Agar ek case pehle se decide ho chuka hai aur same matter aur same parties ke beech me hai, to dusra case usi par nahi chalega.
🔹 Purpose of Section 11:
- Avoid repetitive litigation – ek hi matter par baar-baar court ka time waste na ho.
- Maintain finality of judgments – ek baar jo faisla ho gaya, wahi antim maana jaaye.
- Prevent harassment of parties – ek hi case ko alag-alag courts me ghuma kar logon ko pareshan karne se rokta hai.
🔹 Essential Conditions for Res Judicata:
Section 11 tab apply hota hai jab:
- Earlier suit already decided ho chuka ho (final judgment diya gaya ho).
- Parties same ho – dono cases me wahi log involved ho.
- Issue same ho – dono cases me wahi question of fact ya law ho.
- Court competent ho – pehle wala decision dene wali court ke paas jurisdiction ho.
- Matter substantially same ho – chhoti-moti similarity nahi, pura issue same ho.
🔹 Example:
Ramesh ne Suresh ke against property ownership par case file kiya, aur court ne decide kar diya ki property Ramesh ki hai.
Agar Suresh baad me wahi issue le kar doosri court me case file kare — to court us case ko reject kar degi, kyunki Section 11 ke tahat Res Judicata apply hoti hai.
🔹 Important Judgments:
(1) Daryao vs State of U.P. (1961)
Supreme Court ne kaha — Res Judicata is based on public policy — ek hi issue par baar-baar case file karna justice system ka misuse hai.
(2) Satyadhyan Ghosal vs Deorajin Debi (1960)
Court ne clarify kiya: Res Judicata applies not only to suits but also to issues decided in earlier proceedings.
🔹Summary Table:
| Particulars | Details |
|---|---|
| Section Number | 11 CPC |
| Law Type | Civil Procedure Code |
| Subject | Res Judicata |
| Meaning | Same matter par dobara case file nahi ho sakta |
| Conditions | Same parties, same issue, earlier judgment, competent court |
| Objective | Prevent repetitive litigation |
| Result | Later case rejected |
| Key Judgment | Daryao v. State of U.P. (1961) |
🔹Nyay Neeti Advice:
- Agar kisi case par final judgment aa chuka hai, to dobara wahi case file karne ka koi fayda nahi — court seedha reject kar degi.
- Section 11 ka use lawyers aur judges dono karte hain duplicate suits rokne ke liye.
- Always respect the finality of judicial decisions.
